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TRIAL REFERENCES 400 - 499

400

Brain response to injury and neurodegeneration: endogenous neuroprotective signaling. - Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2005 Aug;1053:137 – 47 Bazan NG, Marcheselli VL, Cole-Edwards K. - LSU Neuroscience Center and Dept. of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center School of Medicine, 2020 Gravier Street, Suite D, New Orleans, Louisiana PubMed 16179516.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=16179516

401

Estimates of direct medical costs for microvascular and macrovascular complications resulting from type 2 diabetes mellitus in the United States in 2000. - Clin Ther. 2003 Mar;25(3):1017 – 38. - O’Brien JA, Patrick AR, Caro J. Caro - Research Institute, Concord, Massachusetts 01742, USA. PubMed 12852716.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=12852716

402

Wrong Diagnosis – Statistics on Heart Attacks.
http://www.wrongdiagnosis.com/h/heart_attack/stats.htm

403

Origins and evolution of the Western diet: (See 42).

404

Fructose, insulin resistance, and metabolic dyslipidemia - Nutr Metab (Lond). 2005; 2: 5 - Heather Basciano, Lisa Federico, and Khosrow Adeli - Clinical Biochemistry Division, Dept. of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. PubMed 15723702.
http://www.pubmedcentral.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=15723702

405

See 406.

406

Origins and evolution of the Western diet: (See 42).

407

Serum phospholipid fatty acids, adipose tissue, and metabolic markers in obese adolescents. - Obesity 14:1931 – 1939 (2006) - Karlsson M, Mårild S, Brandberg J, Lönn L, Friberg P, Strandvik B. - Dept. of Pediatrics, Göteborg University, Queen Silvia Children’s Hospital, SE 41685 Göteborg, Sweden.
http://www.obesityresearch.org/cgi/content/abstract/14/11/1931

408

Serum phospholipid fatty acids, adipose tissue, and metabolic markers in obese adolescents. See 407.

409

Arachidonic acid and prostacyclin signaling promote adipose tissue development See 231 Above.

410

Genotype and diet effects in lean and obese Zucker rats fed either safflower or coconut oil diets - Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, Vol 220, 153 – 161 - MP Cleary, FC Phillips and RA Morton - Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin 55912, USA.
http://www.ebmonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/220/3/153?ijkey=
51277410bb8b67d40c20fe4defdc278bf0b984c1&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

411

Turnover of plasma-free arachidonic and oleic acids in resting and exercising human subjects. Metabolism. - 1975 Jul;24(7):799 – 806 - Hagenfeldt L, Wahren J. PubMed 1138155.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=1138155

412

Dietary n – 3 fatty acids affect mRNA level of brown adipose tissue uncoupling protein 1, and white adipose tissue leptin and glucose transporter 4 in the rat. - Br J Nutr. 2000 Aug;84(2):175 – 84. - Takahashi Y, Ide T. Laboratory of Nutrition Biochemistry, National Food Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Ibaraki, Japan.
http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/cabi/bjn/2000/00000084/00000002/art00007

413

Dietary fatty acid composition influences energy accretion in rats. - Jnl. of Nutrition Vol. 123 No. 12 December 1993, pp. 2109 – 2114 - Su W, Jones PJ. Division of Human Nutrition, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.
http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/abstract/123/12/2109

414

Dietary n – 3 fatty acids affect mRNA level of brown adipose tissue uncoupling protein 1, and white adipose tissue leptin and glucose transporter 4 See 413.

415

Polyunsaturated fatty acids of marine origin upregulate mitochondrial biogenesis and induce beta-oxidation in white fat. - Flachs P, Horakova O, Brauner P, Rossmeisl M, Pecina P, Franssen-van Hal N, Ruzickova J, Sponarova J, Drahota Z, Vlcek C, Keijer J, Houstek J, Kopecky J. - Dept. of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague. PubMed 16205884.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=16205884

416

Brown fat thermogenesis in rats fed high-fat diets enriched with n – 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids- Diabetologia. 2005 Nov;48(11):2365 – 75 - Oudart H, Groscolas R, Calgari C, Nibbelink M, Leray C, Le Maho Y, Malan A. - Centre d’Ecologie et Physiologie Energetiques, associe a l’Universite Louis Pasteur, Strasbourg. PubMed 9368817.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=9368817

417

Comparative effects of perilla and fish oils on the activity and gene expression of fatty acid oxidation enzymes in rat liver. - Biochim Biophys Acta. 2000 May 6;1485(1):23 – 35. - Ide T, Kobayashi H, Ashakumary L, Rouyer IA, Takahashi Y, Aoyama T, Hashimoto T, Mizugaki M. - Laboratory of Nutrition Biochemistry, National Food Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Tsukuba Science City, Japan. PubMed 10802246.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=10802246

418

Developmental programming of obesity in mammals - Experimental Physiology 92.2 pp 287 –298 - P. D. Taylor and L. Poston - Division of Reproduction & Endocrinology, King’s College London.

419

Randomized trial of weight-loss-diets for young adults varying in fish and fish oil content. - International Jnl. of Obesity 15 May 2007 - Thorsdottir I, Tomasson H, Gunnarsdottir I, Gisladottir E, Kiely M, Parra MD, Bandarra NM, Schaafsma G, Martinéz JA. - Unit for Nutrition Research, Dept. of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Landspitali University Hospital, University of Iceland, Reykjavik.
http://www.nature.com/ijo/journal/vaop/ncurrent/abs/0803643a.html

420

Perilla oil prevents the excessive growth of visceral adipose tissue in rats by down-regulating adipocyte differentiation - The Jnl. of Nutrition Vol. 127 No. 9 September 1997, pp. 1752 – 1757 - Okuno M, Kajiwara K, Imai S, Kobayashi T, Honma N, Maki T, Suruga K, Goda T, Takase S, Muto Y, Moriwaki H.First - Dept. of Internal Medicine, Gifu University School of Medicine, Gifu 500, Japan.
http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/abstract/127/9/1752

421

Docosahexaenoic Acid Inhibits Adipocyte Differentiation and Induces Apoptosis in 3T3 – L1 Preadipocytes - American Society for Nutrition J. Nutr. 136:2965 – 2969, December 2006 - Hye-Kyeong Kim, MaryAnne Della-Fera, Ji Lin and Clifton A. Baile - Dept. of Animal and Dairy Science, and Dept. of Foods and Nutrition, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602.
http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/abstract/136/12/2965

422

Dietary fish oils limit adipose tissue hypertrophy in rats - C. Metabolism. 1990 Mar;39(3):217 – 9. - C. Parrish, D. A. Pathy and A. Angel - Dept. of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. PubMed 2308514.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=2308514

423

Dietary fish oils modify adipocyte structure and function. - J Cell Physiol. 1991 Sep;148(3):493 – 502. - Parrish CC, Pathy DA, Parkes JG, Angel A. - Dept. of Medicine, University of Toronto, Canada. PubMed 1655818.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=1655818&

424

Perilla Oil Prevents the Excessive Growth of Visceral Adipose Tissue in Rats by Down-Regulating Differentiation See 415.

425

Docosahexaenoic Acid Inhibits Adipocyte Differentiation and Induces Apoptosis in 3T3 – L1 Preadipocytes See 416.

426

Omega – 3 PUFA of marine origin limit diet-induced obesity in mice by reducing cellularity of adipose tissue.- Ruzickova J, Rossmeisl M, Prazak T, Flachs P, Sponarova J, Veck M, Tvrzicka E, Bryhn M, Kopecky J. - Dept. of Adipose Tissue Biology and Centre for Integrated Genomics, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic. PubMed 15736913.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=15736913

427

Perilla Oil Prevents the Excessive Growth of Visceral Adipose Tissue in Rats by Down-Regulating Differentiation See 415.

428

Suppression of hepatic fatty acid oxidation and food intake in men. Nutrition. - 1999 Nov – Dec;15(11 – 12):819 – 28 - Kahler A, Zimmermann M, Langhans W. - Institute of Animal Sciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland. PubMed 10575655.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=10575655

429

The influence of the type of dietary fat on postprandial fat oxidation rates: monounsaturated (olive oil) vs saturated fat (cream). - Jnl. of Obesity Vol 26 no6 p 814 – 821 June 2002 - Piers LS, Walker KZ, Stoney RM, Soares MJ, O’Dea K. - Menzies School of Health Research, Casuarina, Australia.
http://www.nature.com/ijo/journal/v26/n6/abs/0801993a.html

430

Food intake in dieters and nondieters after a liquid meal containing medium-chain triglycerides - American Jnl. of Clinical Nutrition, Vol 48, 66 – 71 - BJ Rolls, N Gnizak, A Summerfelt and LJ Laster - Dept. of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205.
http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/abstract/48/1/66?ijkey=
859486b8e0f76290f03859f490a4061a1e902d02&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha

431

Increased uncoupling protein2 mRNA in white adipose tissue, and decrease in leptin, visceral fat, blood glucose, and cholesterol in KK-Ay mice fed with eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids in addition to linolenic acid. - Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1999 May 27;259(1):85 –90. - Hun CS, Hasegawa K, Kawabata T, Kato M, Shimokawa T, Kagawa Y. - Dept. of Biochemistry, Jichi Medical School, Tochigi-ken, 329 – 0498, Japan. PubMed 10334920.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=10334920

432

Interactions of saturated, n – 6 and n – 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids to modulate arachidonic acid metabolism. - J Lipid Res. 1990 Feb;31(2):271 – 7. Garg ML, Thomson AB, Clandinin MT. - Nutrition and Metabolism Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. PubMed 2109031.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=2109031

433

Fish oil reduces cholesterol and arachidonic acid content more efficiently in rats fed diets containing low linoleic acid to saturated fatty acid ratios - Biochim Biophys Acta. 1988 Oct 14;962(3):337 – 44. - Garg ML, Wierzbicki AA, Thomson AB, Clandinin MT. - Dept. of Foods and Nutrition, Faculty of Home Economics, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. PubMed 2844278.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=2844278

434

Relationship between Adipocyte Size and Adipokine Expression and Secretion - The Jnl. of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism Vol. 92, No. 3 1023 – 1033 - Thomas Skurk, Catherine Alberti-Huber, Christian Herder and Hans Hauner - Else Kröner-Fresenius-Center for Nutritional Medicine of the Technical University Munich D – 85350 Freising; and the German Diabetes Clinic, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center at Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Germany.
http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/92/3/1023

435

Dietary Factors That Promote or Retard Inflammation - Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 2006;26:995. - Arpita Basu; Sridevi Devaraj; Ishwarlal Jialal - Laboratory for Atherosclerosis and Metabolic Research, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, Calif.
http://atvb.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/full/26/5/995

436

See 406.

437

Effects of an Ad Libitum Low-Fat, High-Carbohydrate Diet on Body Weight, Body Composition, and Fat Distribution in Older Men and Women A Randomized Controlled Trial - Arch Intern Med. 2004;164:210 – 217. - Nicholas P. Hays, PhD; Raymond D. Starling, PhD; Xiaolan Liu, MD; Dennis H. Sullivan, MD; Todd A. Trappe, PhD; James D. Fluckey, PhD; William J. Evans, PhD Arch.
http://archinte.am-ssn.org/cgi/content/abstract/164/2/210

438

Dietary Factors That Promote or Retard Inflammation Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. (See 435).

439

Site-specific differences in the fatty acid composition of abdominal adipose tissue in an obese population from a Mediterranean area: relation with dietary fatty acids, plasma lipid profile, serum insulin, and central obesity - Marta Garaulet, Francisca Pérez-Llamas, Millán Pérez-Ayala, Pedro Martínez, Fermín Sánchez de Medina, Francisco J Tebar and Salvador Zamora - Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain; Dept. of Biochemistry, University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Dept.s of Biochemistry and Endocrinology, Arrixaca Hospital, Murcia, Spain.
http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/full/74/5/585

440

Distribution, interconversion, and dose response of n – 3 fatty acids in humans. - American Jnl. of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 83, No. 6, S1467 – 1476S, June 2006 - Arterburn LM, Hall EB, Oken H. - Martek Biosciences Corporation, Columbia, MD,
http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/abstract/83/6/S1467

441

Site-specific differences in the fatty acid composition (See above 442).

442

Incorporation of dietary n – 3 fatty acids into the fatty acids of human adipose tissue and plasma lipid classes - American Jnl. of Clinical Nutrition, Vol 62, 68 – 73 - DA Leaf, WE Connor, L Barstad and G Sexton - Dept. of Medicine, West Los Angeles Veterans Administration Medical Center, CA 90073, USA.
http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/abstract/62/1/68

443

The effect of different dietary fats on fat cell size and number in rat epididmyal fat pad. - Janet Kirtland M I Gurr.

444

Arachidonic acid and prostacyclin signaling promote adipose tissue development (See 231).

445

See 406 above.

446

Consuming Fructose-sweetened Beverages Increases Body Adiposity in Mice - Obesity Research 13:1146 – 1156 (2005) - Hella Jürgens, Wiltrud Haass, Tamara R. Castañeda, Annette Schürmann, Corinna Koebnick, Frank Dombrowski, Bärbel Otto Andrea R. Nawrocki, Philipp E. Scherer, Jochen Spranger, Michael Ristow, Hans-Georg Joost, Peter J. Havel and Matthias H. Tschöp.
http://www.obesityresearch.org/cgi/content/full/13/7/1146

447

See 406 above.

448

Long-term effects of diet on leptin, energy intake, and activity in a model of diet-induced obesity - J Appl Physiol 93: 887 – 893, 2002 - Christian K. Roberts, Joshua J. Berger, and R. James Barnard - Dept. of Physiological Science, University of California, Los Angeles, California.
http://jap.physiology.org/cgi/content/full/93/3/887?ck=nck

449

Polyunsaturated fatty acids of marine origin upregulate mitochondrial biogenesis and induce beta-oxidation in white fat.- Diabetologia. 2005 Nov;48(11):2365 – 75 - Flachs P, Horakova O, Brauner P, Rossmeisl M, Pecina P, Franssen-van Hal N, Ruzickova J, Sponarova J, Drahota Z, Vlcek C, Keijer J, Houstek J, Kopecky J. - Dept. of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic. PubMed 16205884
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=16205884

450

Polyunsaturated fatty acids of marine origin induce adiponectin in mice fed a high-fat diet. - Diabetologia. 2006 Feb;49(2):394 – 7 - Flachs P, Mohamed-Ali V, Horakova O, Rossmeisl M, Hosseinzadeh-Attar MJ, Hensler M, Ruzickov J, Kopecky J. - Dept. of Adipose Tissue Biology, Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences, Videnska 1083, 142 20 Prague, Czech Republic. PubMed 16397791.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=16397791

451

See 406 above.

452

Recent advances in the relationship between obesity, inflammation, and insulin resistance - Eur Cytokine Netw. 2006 Mar;17(1):4 – 12 - Bastard JP, Maachi M, Lagathu C, Kim MJ, Caron M, Vidal H, Capeau J, Feve B. - Inserm U680, Faculte de Medecine Pierre et Marie Curie, site Saint-Antoine, Universite Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris 6 et Service de Biochimie et Hormonologie, Hopital Tenon, AP – HP, 75970 Paris France. PubMed 16613757.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=16613757

453

Release of interleukins and other inflammatory cytokines by human adipose tissue is enhanced in obesity and primarily due to the nonfat cells. - Vitam Horm. 2006;74:443 – 77 Fain JN. - Dept. of Molecular Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, USA. PubMed 17027526.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=17027526

454

The pathophysiologic roles of interleukin – 6 in human disease - Ann Intern Med. 1998 Jan 15;128(2):127 – 37. - Papanicolaou DA, Wilder RL, Manolagas SC, Chrousos GP. PubMed 9441573.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=9441573

455

Comparison of the Release of Adipokines by Adipose Tissue, Adipose Tissue Matrix, and Adipocytes from Visceral and Subcutaneous Abdominal Adipose Tissues of Obese Humans Endocrinology - Vol. 145, No. 5 2273 – 2282 - John N. Fain, Atul K. Madan, M. Lloyd Hiler, Paramjeet Cheema and Suleiman W. Bahouth - Dept.s of Molecular Sciences (J.N.F., P.C.), Surgery (A.K.M., M.L.H.), and Pharmacology (S.W.B.), College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=14726444

456

Arachidonic acid content in adipose tissue is associated with insulin resistance in healthy children. - Jnl. of Pediatric Gastroenterology & Nutrition. 44(1):77 – 83, January 2007. - Aldámiz-Echevarría L, Prieto JA, Andrade F, Elorz J, Sanjurjo P, Rodríguez Soriano J. - Division of Metabolism, Dept. of Pediatrics, Cruces Hospital and Basque University School of Medicine, Bilbao, Spain. PubMed 17204958.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=17204958

457

Selective release of human adipocyte fatty acids according to molecular structure. - Biochem J. 1997 June 15; 324(Pt 3): 911–915.- T Raclot, D Langin, M Lafontan, and R Groscolas - INSERM Unité 317, Institut Louis Bugnard, Faculté de médecine, Université Paul Sabatier, Hôpital Rangueil Toulouse PubMed 1218508.
http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=1218508

458

Dietary Factors That Promote or Retard Inflammation - Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology. 2006;26:995 - Arpita Basu, Sridevi Devaraj and Ishwarlal Jialal - Laboratory for Atherosclerosis and Metabolic Research, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, Calif.
http://atvb.ahajournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/26/5/995

459

Beneficial effects of cytokine induced hyperlipidemia. - Z Ernahrungswiss. 1998;37 Suppl 1:66 – 74. - Feingold KR, Hardardottir I, Grunfeld C. Metabolism Section (111F), - Dept. of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, San Francisco, USA. PubMed 9558731.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=9558731

460

The inflammatory consequences of psychologic stress: relationship to insulin resistance, obesity, atherosclerosis and diabetes mellitus, type II. - Med Hypotheses. 2006;67(4):879 – 91. Black PH. Dept. of Microbiology, Boston University School of Medicine, 715 Albany Street, Room L – 501, Boston, MA 02118, United States. PubMed 16781084.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=16781084

461

The effect of docosahexaenoic acid on the loss of appetite in pediatric patients with pneumonia - Lopez-Alarcon M, Furuya-Meguro MM, Garcia-Zuniga PA, Tadeo-Pulido I. - Unidad de Investigacion Medica en Nutricion, Hospital de Pediatria, Centro Medico Nacional Siglo XXI, Insituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. PubMed 16497254.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=16497254

462

Delta 6 – desaturase activity in liver microsomes of rats fed diets enriched with cholesterol and/or omega 3 fatty acids. - Biochem J. 1988 Jan 15;249(2):351 – 6. - Garg ML, Sebokova E, Thomson AB, Clandinin MT. - Nutrition and Metabolism Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada. PubMed 3342019.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=3342019

463

Effects of N – 3 PUFAs supplementation on insulin resistance and inflammatory biomarkers in hemodialysis patients. - Ren Fail. 2007;29(3):321 – 9 Rasic-Milutinovic Z, Perunicic G, Pljesa S, Gluvic Z, Sobajic S, Djuric I, Ristic D. - Dept. of Endocrinology, University Hospital Zemun/Belgrade 17497447 Pubmed.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=17497447

464

n–3 Fatty acids and the metabolic syndrome See 216 above.

465

Dietary long-chain n–3 fatty acids of marine origin and serum C-reactive protein concentrations are associated in a population with a diet rich in marine products - American Jnl. of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 84, No. 1, 223 – 229, July 2006 - Kaijun Niu, Atsushi Hozawa, Shinichi Kuriyama, Kaori Ohmori-Matsuda, Taichi Shimazu, Naoki Nakaya, Kazuki Fujita, Ichiro Tsuji and Ryoichi Nagatomi - Dept.s of Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise and Public Health and Forensic Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan; the Division of Epidemiology and Community Health School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis,and the Center for Preventive Medicine and Salutogenesis, Tohoku Fukushi University, Sendai, Japan.
http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/abstract/84/1/223

466

Relationship of Plasma Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids to Circulating Inflammatory Markers - The Jnl. of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism Vol. 91, No. 2 439 – 446 - Luigi Ferrucci, Antonio Cherubini, Stefania Bandinelli, Benedetta Bartali, Annamaria Corsi, Fulvio Lauretani, Antonio Martin, Cristina Andres-Lacueva, Umberto Senin and Jack M. Guralnik - Longitudinal Studies, Clinical Research Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, Maryland; Dept. of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Perugia University Medical School, Perugia, Italy; Dept. of Geriatric Rehabilitation, Tuscany Regional Health Agency Florence, Italy; Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York; Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging Tufts University, Boston, Massachusetts 02111; Dept. of Nutrition and Food Science , University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; and Laboratory of Epidemiology, Demography, and Biometry National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland 20892.
http://jcem.endojournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/91/2/439

467

Fish Consumption Among Healthy Adults Is Associated With Decreased Levels of Inflammatory Markers Related to Cardiovascular Disease - J Am Coll Cardiol, 2005; 46:120 – 124 The ATTICA Study - Antonis Zampelas, PhD, Demosthenes B. Panagiotakos, PhD, Christos Pitsavos, MD, PhD, FACC, Undurti N. Das, MD, FAMA, Christina Chrysohoou, MD, PhD, Yannis Skoumas, MD and Christodoulos Stefanadis, MD, PhD, FACC - Dept. of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University, Athens, Greece First Cardiology Clinic, School of Medicine, University of Athens, Athens, Greece UND Life Sciences, Walpole, Massachusetts, USA.
http://content.onlinejacc.org/cgi/content/abstract/46/1/120

468

Depressive Symptoms, omega – 6:omega – 3 Fatty Acids, and Inflammation in Older Adults See 326 Above.

469

Lack of effect of dietary n – 6:n – 3 PUFA ratio on plasma lipids and markers of insulin responses in Indian Asians living in the UK. - European Jnl. of Nutrition Vol44 No1 jan 2005 - Minihane AM, Brady LM, Lovegrove SS, Lesauvage SV, Williams CM, Lovegrove JA. Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, School of Food Biosciences, University of Reading, Reading RG6 6AP, UK.
http://www.springerlink.com/content/8r4jc7hwq8kqhw60/

470

Moderate fish-oil supplementation reverses low-platelet, long-chain n – 3 polyunsaturated fatty acid status and reduces plasma triacylglycerol concentrations in British Indo-Asians. - Lovegrove JA, Lovegrove SS, Lesauvage SV, Brady LM, Saini N, Minihane AM, Williams CM. - Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, School of Food Biosciences, The University of Reading, PubMed 15159226.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=15159226

471

Dietary PUFA and the metabolic syndrome in Indian Asians living in the UK.- Am J Clin Nutr. 2004 Jun;79(6):974 – 82 - Brady LM, Williams CM, Lovegrove JA. - Hugh Sinclair Human Nutrition Unit, School of Food Biosciences, PO Box 226, University of Reading, UK. PubMed 15159226.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=15159226

472

Milk Composition in Women from Five Different Regions of China: The Great Diversity of Milk Fatty Acids - Jnl. of Nutrition Vol. 125 No. 12 December 1995, pp. 2993 – 2998 - Ruan Chulei, Liu Xiaofang, Man Hongsheng, Ma Xiulan, Lin Guizheng, Duan Gianhong, Carol A. DeFrancesco and William E. Connor - Central Laboratory Dept. of Hygiene, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China Dept. of Medicine, Oregon Health Sciences University, Portland, OR.
http://jn.nutrition.org/cgi/content/abstract/125/12/2993

473

Site-specific differences in the fatty acid composition (See 442).

474

The relation between dietary intake and adipose tissue composition of selected fatty acids in US women - American Jnl. of Clinical Nutrition, Vol 67, 25 – 30 - M Garland, FM Sacks, GA Colditz, EB Rimm, LA Sampson, WC Willett and DJ Hunter - Dept. of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, USA.
http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/abstract/67/1/25

475

Adipose tissue n – 6 fatty acids and acute myocardial infarction in a population consuming a diet high in polyunsaturated fatty acids - American Jnl. of Clinical Nutrition, Vol. 77, No. 4, 796 –802, April 2003 - Jeremy D Kark, Nathan A Kaufmann, Fred Binka, Nehama Goldberger and Elliot M Berry - Epidemiology Unit, Dept. of Social Medicine, Hadassah University Hospital, Jerusalem; the Dept. of Human Nutrition and Metabolism, Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Public Health, Jerusalem; and the School of Public Health, University of Ghana, Legon, Accra, Ghana.
http://www.ajcn.org/cgi/content/abstract/77/4/796

476

Human milk fatty acid composition from nine countries varies most in DHA - Lipids Vol 41 No9 Sept 2006 - Rebecca Yuhas Kathryn Pramuk Eric L Lien - Dept. of Nutrition Research, Wyeth Nutrition, Pennsylvania.
http://www.springerlink.com/content/y5654q161650w116/

477

Leptin secretion from subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue in women.- Van Harmelen V. Reynisdottir S. Eriksson P. Thorne A. Hoffstedt J. Lonnqvist F. Arner P. - Dept. of Medicine and Research Center, Huddinge University Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Arteriosclerosis Research Unit, King Gustaf V Research Institute, Karolinska Institute, Dept. of Surgery, Huddinge University Hospital, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Suede.
http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=2236564

478

Surgical removal of visceral fat reverses hepatic insulin resistance. - Diabetes. 1999 Jan;48(1):94 – 8 - Barzilai N, She L, Liu BQ, Vuguin P, Cohen P, Wang J, Rossetti L. - Dept. of Medicine, and Diabetes Research and Training Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York USA. PubMed 9892227.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=9892227

479

Effects of antidepressants on the production of cytokines - Gunter Kenis Michael Maes - Cambridge University Press 28 Nov 2002 - Dept. of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands.
http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract;jsessionid=
FACDE1855E3CF1FDAA87A9704EEDFCA7.tomcat1?fromPage=online&aid=134443

480

The inflammatory response system and the availability of plasma tryptophan in patients with primary sleep disorders and major depression - J Affect Disord. 1998 Jun;49(3):211 – 9. - Song C, Lin A, Bonaccorso S, Heide C, Verkerk R, Kenis G, Bosmans E, Scharpe S, Whelan A, Cosyns P, de Jongh R, Maes M. - Clinical Research Center for Mental Health, University Dept. of Psychiatry, Antwerp, Belgium. PubMed 9629951.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=9629951

481

Site-specific differences in the fatty acid composition (see 442).

482

Thin people may be fat on the inside, doctors warn. - CBCnews. Associated Press.

483

Perilla Oil Prevents the Excessive Growth of Visceral Adipose Tissue in Rats - See 415.

484

Novel treatments for obesity and osteoporosis: targeting apoptotic pathways in adipocytes. - Curr Med Chem. 2005;12(19):2215 – 25 - Nelson-Dooley C, Della-Fera MA, Hamrick M, Baile CA. - Dept.s of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Georgia, USA. PubMed 16178781.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=16178781

485

See 406.

486

Desaturation function does not decline after menopause in human females. - Horm-Metab-Res. 2000 Jan; 32(1): 26 – 32 - Liu YW, Medeiros LC, Revesz E, O’Dorisio TM. - The Ohio State University, Dept. of Human Nutrition and Food Management, USA.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=16487913

487

Fatty acid composition and estimated desaturase activities are associated with obesity and lifestyle variables in men and women. - Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2006 Mar;16(2):128 – 36. - Warensjö E, Ohrvall M, Vessby B - Unit for Clinical Nutrition Research, Dept. of Public health and Caring sciences, Uppsala University. PubMed 16487913.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=16487913

488

Improvements in glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity after lifestyle intervention are related to changes in serum fatty acid profile and desaturase activities: the SLIM study. - Diabetologia. 2006 Oct;49(10):2392 – 401. - Corpeleijn E, Feskens EJ, Jansen EH, Mensink M, Saris WH, de Bruin TW, Blaak EE. - Dept. of Human Biology, The Nutrition and Toxicology Research Institute NUTRIM, Maastricht University. PubMed 16896932.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=16896932

489

Expression and Regulation of D5-Desaturase, D6- Desaturase, Stearoyl-Coenzyme A… See 195 above.

490

See 406.

491

Persistent elevation of plasma insulin levels is associated with increased cardiovascular risk in children and young adults. - The Bogalusa Heart Study - Circulation. 1996 Jan 1;93(1):54 – 9. - Bao W, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS.Tulane - National Center for Cardiovascular Health, Tulane School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, New Orleans, La. 70112 – 2824, USA. PubMed 8616941.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=PubMed&cmd=Retrieve&list_uids=8616941

492

Is metabolic syndrome X a disorder of the brain with the initiation of low-grade systemic inflammatory events during the perinatal period? - J Nutr Biochem. 2007 Apr 30 - Das UN. - Dept. of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Care Hospital, The Institute of Medical Sciences, Banjara Hills, Hyderabad – 500 034, India; UND Life Sciences, Shaker Heights, OH, USA PubMed 17475465.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=17475465

493

Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in plasma lipids of obese childrenLipids. - 1996 Mar;31(3):305 – 11. - Decsi T, Molnar D, Koletzko B. - Dept. of Paediatrics, University Medical School of Pecs, Hungary. PubMed 8900460.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=8900460

494

Leptin levels in rat offspring are modified by the ratio of linoleic to -linolenic acid in the maternal diet. - Jnl. of Lipid Research, Vol. 43, 1743 – 1749, October 2002 - Marina Korotkova, Britt Gabrielsson, Malin Lönn, Lars-Åke Hanson and Brigitta Strandvik - Dept.s of Pediatrics, Clinical Immunology, Research Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Dept. of Internal Medicine, Göteborg University, Sweden.
http://www.jlr.org/cgi/content/full/43/10/1743

495

Temporal changes in dietary fats: role of n – 6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in excessive adipose tissue development and relationship to obesity. - Prog Lipid Res. 2006 May;45(3):203 – 36 - Ailhaud G, Massiera F, Weill P, Legrand P, Alessandri JM, Guesnet P. - ISDBC Centre de Biochimie UMR 6543 CNRS, Faculté des Sciences, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice cedex 2, France. PubMed 16516300.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&cmd=search&term=16516300

496

Gender-related long-term effects in adult rats by perinatal dietary ratio of n – 6/n – 3 fatty acids - Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 288: R575 – R579, 2005 - Marina Korotkova, Britt G. Gabrielsson, Agneta Holmäng, Britt-Marie Larsson, Lars Å. Hanson, and Birgitta Strandvik - Dept. of Pediatrics, Research Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Dept. of Internal Medicine, Cardiovascular Institute and the Wallenberg Laboratory,Dept. of Clinical Immunology, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden.
http://ajpregu.physiology.org/cgi/content/full/288/3/R575

497

Fatty acid composition of fats is an early determinant of childhood obesity: a short review and an opinion. - Obesity Reviews 5 (1), 21–26. Ailhaud G, Guesnet P. - Institut de Recherche Signalisation, Biologie du Développement et Cancer, Nice, France.
http://www.blackwel-ynergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.146-89X.2004.00121.x

498

Arachidonic acid and prostacyclin signaling promote adipose tissue development, . . See 231.

499

Developmental programming of obesity in mammals - P. D. Taylor and L. Poston - Division of Reproduction & Endocrinology, King’s College London, UK.
http://ep.physoc.org/cgi/content/full/92/2/287

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VEGETABLE OILS ARE OFTEN HIGH IN OMEGA 6

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